materials research laboratory

* * *

в усло́виях лаборато́рии — under laboratory conditions, in the laboratory

авиацио́нная лаборато́рия — aeronautical laboratory

агрохими́ческая лаборато́рия — agrochemical laboratory

аэродинами́ческая лаборато́рия — aerodynamic laboratory

виброизмери́тельная лаборато́рия — vibration-survey laboratory

лаборато́рия высокорадиоакти́вных материа́лов яд. физ. — “hot” laboratory

«горя́чая» лаборато́рия яд. физ. — “hot” laboratory

заводска́я лаборато́рия — works [factory] laboratory

испыта́тельная лаборато́рия — testing laboratory

косми́ческая лаборато́рия — space laboratory

криоге́нная лаборато́рия — cryogenic laboratory

металлографи́ческая лаборато́рия — metallography laboratory

лаборато́рия механи́ческих испыта́ний — materials-testing laboratory

нау́чно-иссле́довательская лаборато́рия — research laboratory

отраслева́я лаборато́рия — applied-research laboratory

полева́я лаборато́рия — field laboratory

похо́дная лаборато́рия — field laboratory

пробле́мная лаборато́рия — basic [fundamental] research laboratory

произво́дственно-контро́льная лаборато́рия ( в зависимости от назначения) — industrial laboratory; materials-testing laboratory; quality-control laboratory

сенситометри́ческая лаборато́рия кфт. — sensito-metric laboratory

лаборато́рия слабоакти́вных материа́лов яд. физ. — “warm” laboratory

лаборато́рия среднеакти́вных материа́лов яд. физ. — “semi-hot” laboratory

уче́бная лаборато́рия ( в зависимости от учебного заведения) — school laboratory; college laboratory; university laboratory

фотографи́ческая лаборато́рия — dark-room

фотоиспыта́тельная лаборато́рия — film testing laboratory

центра́льная заводска́я лаборато́рия — main laboratory

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The son of a Wesleyan minister, Mees was interested in chemistry from an early age and studied at St Dunstan's College in Catford, where he met Samuel E.Sheppard, with whom he went on to University College London in 1900. They worked together on a thesis for BSc degrees in 1903, developing the work begun by Hurter and Driffield on photographic sensitometry. This and other research papers were published in 1907 in the book Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process, which became a standard reference work. After obtaining a doctorate in 1906, Mees joined the firm of Wratten \& Wainwright (see F.C.L.Wratten), manufacturers of dry plates in Croydon; he started work on 1 April 1906, first tackling the problem of manufacturing colour-sensitive emulsions and enabling the company to market the first fully panchromatic plates from the end of that year.

During the next few years Mees ran the commercial operation of the company as Managing Director and carried out research into new products, including filters for use with the new emulsions. In January 1912 he was visited by George Eastman, the American photographic manufacturer, who asked him to go to Rochester, New York, and set up a photographic research laboratory in the Kodak factory there. Wratten was prepared to release Mees on condition that Eastman bought the company; thus, Wratten and Wainwright became part of Kodak Ltd, and Mees left for America. He supervised the construction of a building in the heart of Kodak Park, and the building was fully equipped not only as a research laboratory, but also with facilities for coating and packing sensitized materials. It also had the most comprehensive library of photographic books in the world. Work at the laboratory started at the beginning of 1913, with a staff of twenty recruited from America and England, including Mees's collaborator of earlier years, Sheppard. Under Mees's direction there flowed from the Kodak research Laboratory a constant stream of discoveries, many of them leading to new products. Among these were the 16 mm amateur film-making system launched in 1923; the first amateur colour-movie system, Kodacolor, in 1928; and 8 mm home movies, in 1932. His support for the young experimenters Mannes and Godowsky, who were working on colour photography, led to their joining the Research Laboratory and to the introduction of the first multi-layer colour film, Kodachrome, in 1935. Eastman had agreed from the beginning that as much of the laboratory's work as possible should be published, and Mees himself wrote prolifically, publishing over 200 articles and ten books. While he made significant contributions to the understanding of the photographic process, particularly through his early research, it is his creation and organization of the Kodak Research Laboratory that is his lasting memorial. His interests were many and varied, including Egyptology, astronomy, marine biology and history. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.

Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.

They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Brearley was born in poor circumstances. He received little formal education and was nurtured rather in and around the works of Thomas Firth \& Sons, where his father worked in the crucible steel-melting shop. One of his first jobs was to help in their chemical laboratory where the chief chemist, James Taylor, encouraged him and helped him fit himself for a career as a steelworks chemist.

In 1901 Brearley left Firth's to set up a laboratory at Kayser Ellison \& Co., but he returned to Firth's in 1904, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at their Riga works, and Works Manager the following year. In 1907 he returned to Sheffield to design and equip a research laboratory to serve both Firth's and John Brown \& Co. It was during his time as head of this laboratory that he made his celebrated discovery. In 1913, while seeking improved steels for rifle barrels, he used one containing 12.68 per cent chromium and 0.24 per cent carbon, in the hope that it would resist fouling and erosion. He tried to etch a specimen for microscopic examination but failed, from which he concluded that it would resist corrosion by, for example, the acids encountered in foods and cooking. The first knives made of this new steel were unsatisfactory and the 1914–18 war interrupted further research. But eventually the problems were overcome and Brearley's discovery led to a range of stainless steels with various compositions for domestic, medical and industrial uses, including the well-known "18–8" steel, with 18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.

In 1915 Brearley left the laboratory to become Works Manager, then Technical Director, at Brown Bayley's steelworks until his retirement in 1925.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials, Textiles

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The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.

By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.

During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.

Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.

In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.

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отходы лабораторий
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

laboratory waste
Discarded materials produced by analytical and research activities in a laboratory. (Source: ERG)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• laboratory waste

DE

• Laboratoriumsabfall

FR

• déchet de laboratoire

1 collection, set, array, assemblage.

2 collection.

3 collection, array, panoply.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 collection

* * *

* * *

SF collection

* * *

a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)

c) (Lit) collection

d) ( de modas) collection

* * *

= aggregation, collection, congeries, holdings, information store, library, stock, document collection, assemblage, repertory, collection, cache, deposit collection, harvest, picking, collecting, line-up, menagerie.

Ex. We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.

Ex. A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.

Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.

Ex. A union catalogue then is, a catalogue listing in one sequence the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries.

Ex. It is obviously impracticable to search the entire information store in the satisfaction of a particular request for information.

Ex. A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.

Ex. The second function of the catalogue is concerned with the housekeeping activity of keeping a record of the library stock.

Ex. Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.

Ex. Ranganathan illustrates how these Main Subjects have developed by loose assemblage, dissection, denudation, distillation, etc..

Ex. Thousands of songs and piano pieces have been published in magazines issued throughout Europe and the Americas, yet an overall history is lacking for this large repertory of music.

Ex. While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.

Ex. It is known that there were books made from bamboo and wood during the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BC) but none remain today except caches of oracle bones.

Ex. In many instances it is the ward sister who administers the deposit collection left by the local library.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.

Ex. The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.

Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.

Ex. The latest addition to my clock menagerie is a cuckoo clock, something I've wanted for quite some time.

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* análisis de la colección = collection analysis.

* basado en la colección = collection-centred, materials-centred [materials-centered], collection-based.

* bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.

* bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.

* bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.

* centrado en la colección = collection-centred, collection-based.

* colección básica = core collection.

* colección bibliográfica = book collection.

* colección bibliotecaria = library collection [library's collection].

* colección central = central collection.

* colección compartida = cooperative collection.

* colección cooperativa = cooperative collection.

* colección de animales = menagerie.

* colección de arte = art collection.

* colección de arte pictórico = pictorial art collection.

* colección de autógrafos = autograph collection.

* colección de comics = comics collection.

* colección de consulta = browsing collection.

* colección de control = test collection.

* colección de depósito legal = depository collection, legal deposit collection, deposit collection.

* colección de derecho = law collection.

* colección de diapositivas = slide library.

* colección de dibujos = drawing collection.

* colección de discos = record collection.

* colección de documentos impresos = print collection.

* colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].

* colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.

* colección de fotografías = photograph collection.

* colección de grabaciones sonoras = sound collection.

* colección de historia local = local history collection.

* colección de investigación = research collection.

* colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].

* colección de libros = book collection.

* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.

* colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.

* colección de libros donados = gift collection.

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.

* colección de mapas = map collection.

* colección de música = music collection.

* colección de música popular = popular music collection.

* colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.

* colección de prácticas = laboratory collection.

* colección de prensa = newspaper collection.

* colección de préstamo = circulating collection.

* colección de préstamo restringido = course reserve.

* colección de programas informáticos = software library.

* colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.

* colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.

* colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].

* colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.

* colección de referencia = reference collection.

* colección de relieves topográficos = topographical collection.

* colección de retratos = portrait collection.

* colección de sonido = sound collection.

* colección de tebeos = comics collection.

* colección de una biblioteca = local holding.

* colección de vídeos = video series.

* colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.

* colección especializada = special collection, study collection.

* colección ficticia = made-up collection.

* colección fotográfica = photographic library.

* colección impresa = print set.

* colección inactiva = inactive collection.

* colección integrada = integrated collection.

* colección local = area studies collection, local collection.

* colección monográfica = monographic collection, book series.

* colección multimedia = multimedia collection, media collection.

* colección paleontológica = palaeontology collection.

* colección patrimonial = heritage collection.

* colección personal = home collection, personal collection.

* colección pictórica = pictorial collection.

* colección privada = private collection.

* colección recogida = accumulation.

* colección temática = subject collection.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crecimiento de la colección = collection growth.

* desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].

* encargado de la colección = stock editor.

* evaluación de la colección = collection assessment, collection evaluation, collection analysis.

* formación de la colección = collection building.

* formar una colección = build + collection.

* gestión de la colección = collection management.

* política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.

* una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* * *

a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)

c) (Lit) collection

d) ( de modas) collection

* * *

* * *

1 (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

hace colección de mariposas she collects butterflies

2 ( fam)

(gran cantidad): no sé cómo quiere otro hijo, si ya tiene una colección I can't imagine why she wants another child, she already has a whole brood ( hum)

tiene una colección de pulseras she has a huge collection of bracelets

3 ( Lit) collection

4 (de modas) collection

colecciones infantiles children's fashions o wear

* * *

* * *

colección nf

1. [de sellos, objetos] collection

2. Fam [gran cantidad]

cometió una colección de errores he made a whole series of mistakes;

no dijo más que una colección de tonterías he talked a load of nonsense

3. [de moda] collection;

la colección de primavera the spring collection

* * *

f collection

* * *

colección nf, pl - ciones : collection

* * *

colección n collection

1 conservation, conservancy, maintenance, keeping.

2 canning.

3 storage.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (de alimentos) preservation

2 (calor etc) conservation

3 (mantenimiento) maintenance, upkeep

\

instinto de conservación instinct of self-preservation

* * *

1) conservation

2) preservation

* * *

1) [del medio ambiente] conservation

2) (Culin) preservation

3) (Arquit) maintenance, upkeep

* * *

a) ( de alimentos) preserving

b) (Ecol) conservation

c) (de monumentos, obras de arte) preservation

* * *

= conservation, preservation, retention, self-preservation.

Ex. For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.

Ex. RLIN (Research Libraries Information Network) is a system used by the Research Libraries Group (RLG), a group dedicated to resolving common problems in collection development, management, access and preservation.

Ex. Even in prisons nowadays the enlightened gaoler aims at more than custodial retention: he aims at education.

Ex. The desire for institutional self-preservation rules out this alternative.

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* área de conservación del patrimonio = heritage field.

* bibliotecario de conservación = preservation librarian.

* Conferencia Panafricana sobre Preservacion y Conservación de Material Bibli = Pan-African Conference on the Preservation and Conservation of Library and Archival Materials.

* conservación de alimentos = food preservation.

* conservación de archivos = archival preservation.

* conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation, electronic document preservation.

* conservación de la web = Web archiving.

* conservación digital = digital preservation, digital archiving.

* conservación en formato electrónico = electronic preservation [e-preservation].

* conservación en frío = cold storage.

* conservación preventiva = preventive conservation, preventive preservation.

* desde el punto de vista de la conservación = preservationally.

* especialista en conservación = preservationist, conservationist.

* especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.

* experto en conservación = preservationist.

* gestión y conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation and management.

* instinto de conservación = instinct of self-preservation, survival information.

* institución dedicada a la conservación del patrimonio = memory institution.

* institución para el estudio y la conservación del patrimonio = heritage organisation.

* laboratorio de conservación = conservation laboratory.

* plan de conservación = conservation plan.

* política de conservación = preservation policy, conservation policy.

* producto para la conservación = preservative.

* relativo a la conservación = curational.

* responsable de la conservación = preservation officer.

* * *

a) ( de alimentos) preserving

b) (Ecol) conservation

c) (de monumentos, obras de arte) preservation

* * *

* * *

1 (de alimentos) preserving

2 ( Ecol) conservation

la conservación de la naturaleza nature conservation

la conservación de especies protegidas the protection o conservation of endangered species

3 ( Arquit, Art) preservation

la conservación de nuestros monumentos históricos the conservation o preservation of our historical monuments

el cuadro se halla en un lamentable estado de conservación the painting is in a terrible state of repair o preservation

* * *

a) ( de alimentos) preserving

b) (Ecol) conservation

c) (de monumentos, obras de arte) preservation

* * *

conservación nf

1. [de alimentos] preservation

2. [de costumbres, patrimonio] conservation;

conservación del medio ambiente environmental conservation;

conservación de la naturaleza nature conservation

3. [mantenimiento] maintenance;

en buen/mal estado de conservación in good/bad condition

* * *

1 de alimentos preservation

2 de edificios, especies conservation

* * *

conservación nf, pl - ciones : conservation, preservation

* * *

conservación n

1. (ecología) conservation

2. (de alimentos, etc) preservation

1 analysis, inspection, investigation, examination.

2 analysis, breakdown, dissection.

3 assay.

* * *

► nombre masculino invariable

1 analysis

\

análisis de orina urine test

análisis de sangre blood test

* * *

1) analysis

2) test

* * *

SM INV

1) (=examen) analysis; [detallado] breakdown

2) (Econ)

3) (Med, Quím, Fís)

4) (Ling) analysis, parsing

5) (Inform)

* * *

masculino (pl análisis) analysis

* * *

= analysis [analyses, -pl.], assessment, probing, review, breakdown, calibration, close look, post mortem [postmortem], overview, academic study, surveying, testing.

Ex. The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.

Ex. However, although the subject may be the primary consideration in the assessment of relevance, subject is not the only factor that determines whether a user wishes to be alerted to the existence of a document.

Ex. Counselling requires much more time and in-depth probing, although it can at one extreme cover simply the act of lending a sympathetic ear to clients who, in externalizing their problems, may thus be better able to face them and arrive at a solution.

Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.

Ex. When she arrived at her boss's office at the appointed time, she learned why she had been asked for the breakdown of her day's activities.

Ex. This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.

Ex. The article has the title 'A close look at Dewey 18: alive and well and living in Albany'.

Ex. Survey research is used to determine what kind of post mortem appraisals companies undertake concerning their abandoned information systems development projects.

Ex. Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.

Ex. Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.

Ex. The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.

Ex. Attention has focussed on the labelling of foodstuffs and the testing and approval of food additives.

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* análisis bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.

* análisis cientométrico = scientometric analysis.

* análisis cinematográfico = film analysis.

* análisis cluster = cluster analysis.

* análisis conceptual = conceptual analysis.

* análisis crítico = critical eye, critical analysis.

* análisis cualitativo = qualitative analysis.

* análisis cuantitativo = quantitative analysis.

* análisis de agrupamiento por cocitas = cocitation cluster analysis.

* análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* análisis de citas = citation analysis.

* análisis de cocitas = cocitation analysis.

* análisis de cocitas de autores = author co-citation analysis.

* análisis de componentes principales = principal component(s) analysis.

* análisis de contabilidad = financial analysis.

* análisis de contenido = content analysis, conceptual analysis.

* análisis de coocurrencia de términos = co-word analysis.

* análisis de correlación = correlation analysis.

* análisis de costes = cost analysis.

* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.

* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.

* análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* análisis de errores = error analysis.

* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.

* análisis de laboratorio = laboratory analysis.

* análisis de la colección = collection analysis.

* análisis de la coocurrencia de palabras = co-word analysis.

* análisis del contenido = document analysis, subject analysis, content analysis.

* análisis del discurso = discourse analysis.

* análisis del rendimiento = performance analysis.

* análisis de necesidades = needs analysis.

* análisis de regresión múltiple = multiple regression analysis.

* análisis de rendimiento = performance test.

* análisis de riesgos = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation.

* análisis de sangre = blood test.

* análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.

* análisis detallado = close examination.

* análisis de tendencias = trend analysis.

* análisis de una muestra representativa = cross-sectional analysis.

* análisis de varianza (ANOVA) = analysis of variance (ANOVA).

* análisis diagnóstico = diagnostic test.

* análisis discriminante = discriminant analysis.

* análisis documental = document analysis, subject analysis.

* análisis escalar = scaling analysis.

* análisis escalar de Guttman = Guttman scale analysis.

* análisis espacial = spatial analysis.

* análisis estadístico = statistical analysis.

* análisis estadístico multivariante = multivariate statistical analysis.

* análisis facetado = facet analysis.

* análisis factorial = factor analysis.

* análisis formal de documentos = markup [mark-up].

* análisis léxico = lexical analysis.

* análisis literario = literary analysis.

* análisis longitudinal = longitudinal analysis.

* análisis más detallado = close attention.

* análisis más minucioso = closer examination.

* análisis minucioso = scrutiny, dissection, cross examination.

* análisis morfológico = morphological analysis.

* análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.

* análisis multidimensional escalar = multidimensional scaling analysis.

* análisis multivariable = multivariate analysis, multivariate test.

* análisis multivariante = multivariate analysis, multivariate test.

* análisis municioso = close examination.

* análisis por facetas = facet analysis.

* análisis por género = gender analysis.

* análisis químico = chemical analysis.

* análisis sintáctico = syntactical analysis.

* análisis topográfico = surveying.

* análisis univariante = univariate test.

* bloque funcional de análisis de contenido = subject analysis block.

* centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.

* lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.

* modelo de análisis de costes = cost model.

* nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].

* programa de análisis de ficheros de transacciones = log analysis software.

* realizar un análisis = conduct + analysis.

* realizar un análisis factorial = factor-analyse [factor-analyze, -USA].

* segundo análisis = re-examination [reexamination].

* SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).

* sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.

* sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.

* superar un análisis minucioso = stand up to + scrutiny, stand up to + examination.

* unidad de análisis = unit of study.

* XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).

* * *

masculino (pl análisis) analysis

* * *

* * *

(pl análisis)

A (de una situación, un tema) analysis

hizo un análisis del problema he analyzed o carried out an analysis of the problem

cost-benefit analysis

B ( Med, Quím) analysis

hacerse un análisis de orina/sangre to have a urine/blood test

clinical analysis

spectrum analysis

organic analysis

C ( Ling) analysis

discourse analysis

grammatical analysis

syntactic analysis

D ( Mat) analysis, calculus

E ( Psic) analysis

* * *

◊ análisis) analysis;

* * *

análisis nm inv

1. [de situación, problema] analysis;

hacer un análisis de algo to analyse sth

análisis cualitativo qualitative analysis;

análisis cuantitativo quantitative analysis;

análisis de mercado market analysis

2. [médico] analysis

análisis de orina urine test;

análisis químico chemical analysis;

análisis de sangre blood test

3. Gram analysis

análisis sintáctico syntactic analysis

4. Informát analysis

5. Mat analysis

6. Psi analysis

* * *

m inv analysis

* * *

análisis nm

: analysis

* * *

análisis n analysis [pl. analyses]

1 study.

ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years

estar en estudio to be under consideration

estudio de campo field study

estudio de mercado market research; (técnica) market survey (investigación)

estudio de viabilidad feasibility study

2 study (oficina).

3 studio (Cine, Rad & TV).

los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios

estudio cinematográfico film studio

estudio de grabación recording studio

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: estudiar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) study

2 (encuesta) survey, study; (investigación) research

3 (apartamento) studio flat (US apartment), bedsit

4 (sala) studio

► nombre masculino plural estudios

1 (conocimientos) studies, education sing

\

cursar estudios to study

dar estudios a alguien to pay for somebody's education

dedicarse al estudio de algo to study something

estar algo en estudio to be under consideration

hacer estudios to study

tener estudios to be well-educated

estudio cinematográfico film studio

estudio de grabación recording studio

estudio de mercado market research

estudio de televisión television studio

* * *

1) study

2) studio

3) den

* * *

1) (=investigación) study

2) (=actividad investigadora) study

3) (=análisis) [de intención de voto, edificio] survey

4) pl estudios (=educación) education sing

5) (=erudición) learning

6) (Arte, Mús) study

7) (=lugar de trabajo)

a) [en una casa] study

b) [profesional] [de artista, arquitecto] studio; Cono Sur [de abogado] office

c) (Cine, Radio, TV) studio

8) (=apartamento) studio, studio flat

* * *

1)

a) (Educ) ( actividad)

b) (investigación, análisis) study

c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

- estudio de mercado

2) ( lugar)

a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office

b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio

c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment

- estudio fotográfico/de grabación

- estudio jurídico

3) (Mús, Art) study

4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

* * *

1)

a) (Educ) ( actividad)

b) (investigación, análisis) study

c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

- estudio de mercado

2) ( lugar)

a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office

b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio

c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment

- estudio fotográfico/de grabación

- estudio jurídico

3) (Mús, Art) study

4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

* * *

estudio¹

¹ = studio.

estudio²

² = review, scholarship, study [studies, -pl.], work, calibration, surveying, analysis [analyses, -pl.].

Nota: Proceso de estudio de un todo para encontrar sus partes esenciales y las relaciones existentes entre ellas.

* * *

1 ( Educ)

(actividad): primero está el estudio y después la diversión your studies o work o studying must come first, then you can enjoy yourself

(investigación, análisis): el estudio de la fauna de la zona the study of the area's fauna

realizó un estudio sobre la mortalidad infantil she carried out a survey o study on infant mortality

le hicieron un estudio hormonal she had a series of hormone tests done

3 (de un asunto, caso) consideration

le presentaron un nuevo proyecto para su estudio they put forward a new plan for his consideration

está en o ( RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento it is being considered in parliament

field study

market research

B (lugar)

1 (de un artista) studio; (de un arquitecto) office, studio; (de un abogado) (CS) office

2 ( Cin, Rad, TV) studio

la película se realizará íntegramente en estudios the movie will be made entirely in the studio

3 (en una casa) study

4 (apartamento) studio apartment o ( BrE) flat

recording studio

photographic studio

( RPl) (oficina) lawyer's office; (grupo) legal practise*

1 ( Mús) study, étude

2 ( Art) study

D estudios mpl ( Educ) education

estudios primarios/superiores primary/higher education

está cursando estudios de especialización she is doing her specialization

se sacrificó para darle estudios a su hijo she made a lot of sacrifices to give her son an education o to put her son through school

para ese trabajo no hace falta tener estudios you don't need a degree for that job

¿por qué dejaste los estudios? why did you give up your studies?, why did you quit school? ( AmE)

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹ asignatura› to study;

◊ ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?

b) ‹ instrumento› to learn

c) ‹lección/tablas› to learn

◊ estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school;

a) (Educ) ( actividad):

◊ primero está el estudio studying o your studies o work must come first

b) (investigación, análisis) study;

◊ estudio de mercado market research

c) (de asunto, caso) consideration;

◊ está en estudio it is being considered

a) ( de artista) studio;

b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio

c) ( en casa) study;

◊ estudios sustantivo masculino plural (Educ) education;

* * *

estudio nm

1. [actividad] study;

ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years;

estar en estudio to be under consideration

2. [investigación] study;

ha publicado un estudio sobre el tema she's published a study on the subject;

hacer un estudio de algo to survey sth;

le hicieron un estudio de la flora intestinal they investigated the composition of her intestinal flora

estudio geológico geological survey;

estudio de impacto ambiental environmental impact study;

estudio de viabilidad feasibility study

3.

el niño va muy bien en los estudios the boy is doing very well at school;

al terminar sus estudios en Viena, viajó a París on completing his studies in Vienna he travelled to Paris;

dar estudios a alguien to pay for o finance sb's education;

dejó los estudios a los quince años he left school at fifteen;

tener estudios to be educated

estudios primarios primary education;

estudios secundarios secondary education;

estudios superiores higher education

4. [despacho] study;

5. [apartamento] studio Br flat o US apartment

6. Cine, Rad & TV studio;

los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios

7. Arte study

8. Mús étude, study;

estudio para piano piano study

* * *

1 disciplina study

2 apartamento studio, Br

studio flat

3 de cine, música studio

estudios (universitarios) pl university education sg ;

tener estudios have a degree;

una persona sin estudios a person with no formal education

* * *

estudio nm

1) : study

2) : studio

3) estudios nmpl

: studies, education

* * *

estudio n

1. (en general) study [pl. studies]

2. (apartamento) studio flat

3. (de televisión, cine) studio

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

His family emigrated to Australia when he was 5 years old. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and attended Queen's College, University of Melbourne, graduating in physics and engineering in 1897. As an 1851 Exhibitioner he then spent three years at St John's College, Cambridge, under Sir Alfred Ewing, where he studied the microstructure of deformed metal crystals and abandoned his original intention of becoming a civil engineer. Rosenhain was the first to observe the slip-bands in metal crystals, and in the Bakerian Lecture delivered jointly by Ewing and Rosenhain to the Royal Society in 1899 it was shown that metals deformed plastically by a mechanism involving shear slip along individual crystal planes. From this conception modern ideas on the plasticity and recrystallization of metals rapidly developed. On leaving Cambridge, Rosenhain joined the Birmingham firm of Chance Brothers, where he worked for six years on optical glass and lighthouse-lens systems. A book, Glass Manufacture, written in 1908, derives from this period, during which he continued his metallurgical researches in the evenings in his home laboratory and published several papers on his work.

In 1906 Rosenhain was appointed Head of the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), and in 1908 he became the first Superintendent of the new Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry. Many of the techniques he introduced at Teddington were described in his Introduction to Physical Metallurgy, published in 1914. At the outbreak of the First World War, Rosenhain was asked to undertake work in his department on the manufacture of optical glass. This soon made it possible to manufacture optical glass of high quality on an industrial scale in Britain. Much valuable work on refractory materials stemmed from this venture. Rosenhain's early years at the NPL were, however, inseparably linked with his work on light alloys, which between 1912 and the end of the war involved virtually all of the metallurgical staff of the laboratory. The most important end product was the well-known "Y" Alloy (4% copper, 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium) extensively used for the pistons and cylinder heads of aircraft engines. It was the prototype of the RR series of alloys jointly developed by Rolls Royce and High Duty Alloys. An improved zinc-based die-casting alloy devised by Rosenhain was also used during the war on a large scale for the production of shell fuses.

After the First World War, much attention was devoted to beryllium, which because of its strength, lightness, and stiffness would, it was hoped, become the airframe material of the future. It remained, however, too brittle for practical use. Other investigations dealt with impurities in copper, gases in aluminium alloys, dental alloys, and the constitution of alloys. During this period, Rosenhain's laboratory became internationally known as a centre of excellence for the determination of accurate equilibrium diagrams.

[br]

1 machine.

aparato de diálisis kidney machine

aparatos gimnásticos apparatus (en competición, escuela)

aparato de radio radio

aparato de televisión television set

aparato de vídeo video (cassette) recorder

2 plane.

3 aid (medicine) (prótesis).

4 system (anatomy).

aparato circulatorio circulatory system

aparato digestivo digestive system

aparato reproductor reproductive system

aparato respiratorio respiratory system

aparato urinario urinary tract

Aparato respiratorio Respiratory system.

5 machinery (politics).

6 pomp, ostentation.

7 appliance, gadget, mechanism, unit.

8 brace.

9 theatricality, exaggeration.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: aparatar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (mecanismo) (piece of) apparatus, set; (eléctrico) appliance

■ aparatos eléctricos equipment

2 (dispositivo) device; (instrumento) instrument

3 (teléfono) telephone

■ está al aparato he's on the phone

4 (avión) plane

5 (exageración) exaggeration

6 (ostentación) pomp, display, show

■ con mucho aparato very pompously

7 (tormenta) flashes of lightning plural

■ una tormenta con gran aparato (eléctrico) a storm with tremendous flashes of lightning

\

aparato auditivo hearing aid

aparato de radio radio set

aparato de televisión television set

aparato digestivo ANATOMÍA digestive system

aparato ortopédico orthopedic aid

el aparato del estado the State apparatus

* * *

1) machine

2) apparatus

3) appliance, set

4) system

* * *

1) (Téc) machine

2) (Elec) (=electrodoméstico) appliance; (=televisor, radio) set

3) (Telec) phone, telephone

4) (Med)

5) (Gimnasia) (=máquina) exercise machine, fitness machine; (=anillas, barras) piece of apparatus

6) (Aer) aircraft, airplane (EEUU)

7) (=formalismo, artificio)

8) (Pol) (=estructura) [de base] machine; [de control] machinery

9) (Meteo)

10) (=indicios) signs pl, symptoms pl ; (Med) symptoms pl ; (Psic) syndrome

11) (Literat)

12) ** (=pene) equipment *; (=vagina) pussy ***

* * *

1)

a) ( máquina)

b) ( de televisión) set; ( de radio) receiver

2) ( para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

3)

a) ( audífono) tb

b) (Odont) tb

4) ( teléfono) telephone

5) (frml) ( avión) aircraft

6) (estructura, sistema) machine

7) ( ceremonia) pomp

8) (fam & euf) ( pene) weenie (AmE colloq), willy (BrE colloq); ( genitales masculinos) equipment (euph)

•

- aparato circulatorio/digestivo/respiratorio

- aparato ortopédico

* * *

= apparatus, device, machine, whatchamacallit, gadget, widget, rig, appliance, unit, contraption.

Ex. The abstracts of research papers will typically represent the methodology employed, in particular, apparatus, equipment, tools, materials.

Ex. The extent of application of the synthetic devices will vary from one library to another.

Ex. Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.

Ex. In his book's section ' Watchamacallit' he forecasts that communication between user and machine will be through voice for entering text and a pen-like device for pointing.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Exhibits in the American Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair: women's clothing, men's gadgets, hot dogs and haute couture'.

Ex. The term widget is taken from the 1963 movie, 'The Wheeler-Dealers'.

Ex. An adjustable seating rig was used to create the three-dimensional shape of a static lounge chair.

Ex. People want information available through the appliances they use in the mainstream of their daily lives.

Ex. Data-capture units are light pens, and such units can be made available at various locations in the library for public consultation.

Ex. If you are in cahoots with the circle of power, you get your projects approved in no time, and in some cases, you can build the most hideous and unsightly contraption.

----

* aparato burocrático = bureaucratic apparatus.

* aparato de aire acondicionado = air conditioner.

* aparato de grabación = recorder.

* aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.

* aparato de lectura = reading machine.

* aparato del partido = party machinery.

* aparato de medición = meter.

* aparato de radio = radio set.

* aparato de televisión = television set, TV set.

* aparato de vídeo = videocassette recorder (VCR), home video recorder, video recorder.

* aparato digestivo = gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract.

* aparato eléctrico = electrical apparatus, power appliance.

* aparato electrónico = electronic device.

* aparato motorizado = motorised device.

* aparato óptico = optical device.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.

* aparato político = machine politics.

* aparato propagandista = propaganda machine.

* aparatos = gadgetry, mechanical equipment.

* aparatos de vídeo = video equipment.

* aparatos eléctricos = electrical equipment, electrical appliances, appliances, household appliances.

* aparatos eléctricos del hogar = home appliances, domestic appliances, home appliances.

* aparatos electrónicos = electronic(s) appliances.

* aparato urinario = urinary tract.

* zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.

* * *

1)

a) ( máquina)

b) ( de televisión) set; ( de radio) receiver

2) ( para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

3)

a) ( audífono) tb

b) (Odont) tb

4) ( teléfono) telephone

5) (frml) ( avión) aircraft

6) (estructura, sistema) machine

7) ( ceremonia) pomp

8) (fam & euf) ( pene) weenie (AmE colloq), willy (BrE colloq); ( genitales masculinos) equipment (euph)

•

- aparato circulatorio/digestivo/respiratorio

- aparato ortopédico

* * *

* * *

(máquina): tiene la cocina llena de aparatos eléctricos the kitchen is full of electrical appliances

ese tipo de análisis requiere aparatos especiales that type of test requires special equipment

uno de esos aparatos para hacer zumo one of those juicer machines

el aparato para tomarte la tensión the apparatus for taking your blood pressure

2 (de televisión) set, receiver; (de radio) receiver

B (para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

los aparatos the apparatus, the equipment

rowing machine

1 (audífono) tb

aparato auditivo hearing aid

2 ( Odont) tb

aparatos braces (pl), brace ( BrE)

D (teléfono) telephone

ponerse al aparato to come to the phone

¡al aparato! speaking!

E ( frml) (avión) aircraft

F (estructura, sistema) machine

el aparato del partido the party machine

el aparato represivo montado por la dictadura the machinery of repression set up under the dictatorship

1 (ceremonia) pomp

fue recibido con mucho aparato he was received with great pomp (and ceremony)

todo el aparato que acompañó a la boda del príncipe all the pageantry which accompanied the prince's wedding

2 ( fam) (jaleo, escándalo) fuss ( colloq), to-do ( colloq)

H ( fam euf) (pene) thing ( colloq), weenie ( AmE colloq), willy ( BrE colloq); (genitales masculinos) equipment ( euph)

circulatory system

critical apparatus

digestive system

thunder and lightning

una fuerte tormenta acompañada de gran aparato eléctrico a heavy thunderstorm

surgical appliance

respiratory system

* * *

a) ( máquina):

◊ uno de esos aparatos para hacer pasta one of those pasta machines;

b) ( de televisión) set;

c) ( dispositivo) device;

◊ aparato ortopédico surgical appliance;

d) (Odont) tb

◊ aparatos braces (pl)

e) ( teléfono) telephone;

◊ ponerse al aparato to come to the phone

◊ los aparatos the apparatus, the equipment

◊ el aparato del partido the party machine;

* * *

aparato nm

1. [máquina] machine;

compró un aparato para medir el viento she bought a device to measure the wind speed

aparatos eléctricos electrical appliances;

aparatos electrónicos electronic devices;

aparatos de laboratorio laboratory apparatus;

aparato de radio radio;

aparato de televisión television set;

aparato de vídeo video recorder

2. [teléfono]

¡al aparato! speaking!

3. [avión] plane

4. [prótesis] aid;

5. [en gimnasia] [en competición, escuela] piece of apparatus;

aparato de remo rowing machine

6. Anat aparato circulatorio circulatory system;

aparato digestivo digestive system;

aparato excretor excretory system;

aparato genital genitalia, genitals;

aparato locomotor locomotor system;

aparato olfativo olfactory system;

aparato reproductor reproductive system;

aparato respiratorio respiratory system;

aparato urinario urinary tract;

aparato visual visual system

7. Pol

el aparato del partido [altos mandos] the party leadership;

el aparato represivo the machinery of repression

8. [ostentación] pomp, ostentation;

una boda con gran aparato a wedding with a lot of pomp and ceremony

9. Meteo aparato eléctrico thunder and lightning;

una tormenta con impresionante aparato eléctrico a storm with an impressive display of thunder and lightning

10. Fam [genitales de hombre] equipment, Br tackle

* * *

1 piece of equipment; doméstico appliance;

al aparato TELEC speaking

2 BIO, ANAT system

3 de partido político machine

* * *

aparato nm

1) : machine, appliance, apparatus

aparato auditivo: hearing aid

aparato de televisión: television set

2) : system

aparato digestivo: digestive system

3) : display, ostentation

sin aparato: without ceremony

4) aparatos nmpl

: braces (for the teeth)

* * *

aparato n

1. (mecanismo) device / thing

2. (doméstico) appliance

3. (televisión, radio) set

4. (conjunto de órganos) system

5. (de gimnasio) a piece of apparatus

6. (para los dientes) brace

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.

At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.

Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.

He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.